Focus on African Americans:
Focus on African-Americans
- Jim Crow and the post-Civil War South
- Breaking southern biracial populism
- Underinvestment in education
- The Great Migration to the North
- Vicious discrimination in the north
- But much higher wages than found in the south
- Large scale residential segregation creates:
- Northern ghettoes--places where land values were dropping because of the attractiveness of suburbs
- Social pathologies...
- The Civil Rights Movement
- The end of legal discrimination
- How much difference does it make? Less than you would hope. Ferocious educational disparities persist--and in some cases are amplified as ghetto school quality falls. And in addition there is...
- Illegal discrimination
- How much illegal discrimination? Hard to tell...
- Testers say "a lot". But the market can route itself around some discrimination...
- Regression studies say "a lot": but employers know things that statisticians do not...
- Amount surely falling over time...
- Affirmative action and its dilemmas...
Focus on Women:
Claudia Goldin:
The first cohort, graduating college from the beginning of the twentieth century to the close of World War I, had either "family or career." The second, graduating college from around 1920 to the end of World War II, had "job then family." The third cohort – the college graduate mothers of the "baby boom" – graduated college from around 1946 to the mid-1960s and had "family then job." The fourth cohort graduated college from the late 1960s to the late 1970s. Using the NLS Young Women I demonstrate that 13 to 18 percent achieved "career then family" by age 40. The objective of the fifth cohort, graduating from around 1980 to 1990, has been "career and family," and 21 to 28 percent (using the NLS Youth) have realized that goal by age 40. I trace the demographic and labor force experiences of these five cohorts of college graduates and discuss why "career and family" outcomes changed over time...
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